![]() First, Intermediate Representation (IR) improves the analyzability of binary programs by reducing a large instruction set down to a handful of semantically equivalent statements. The Rule Engine Detection by Intermediate Representation (REDIR) system for automated static detection of obfuscated anti-debugging techniques is a prototype designed to help the RCE analyst improve performance through this tedious task. Code obfuscation is an anti-debugging technique makes detection even more challenging. Reverse Code Engineering (RCE) to detect anti-debugging techniques in software is a very difficult task. The main outcome of this research is the developed algorithms for: a) analysis and manipulation of assembly code on the x86 instruction set, and b) the automatic chaining of gadgets by ROPInjector to form safe, and functional ROP code that is equivalent to a given shellcode. After trying various combinations of evasion techniques, the results show that ROPInjector can evade nearly and completely all antivirus software employed in the online VirusTotal service. ![]() To this end, we have developed a tool named ROPInjector which, given any piece of shellcode and any non-packed 32-bit Portable Executable (PE) file, it transforms the shellcode to its ROP equivalent and patches it into (i.e. In this paper we propose the use of Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) as a new way to achieve polymorphism and evade AV software. Both approaches are identified by AV software as alarming characteristics and/or behavior, since they are rarely found in benign PEs unless they are packed. The downside of current polymorphism techniques lies to the fact that they require a writeable code section, either marked as such in the corresponding Portable Executable (PE) section header, or by changing permissions during runtime. This attack vector poses a serious threat which malicious actors can take advantage to perform cyber‐attack campaigns. After trying various combinations of evasion techniques, the results show that ROPInjector can evade nearly and completely all antivirus software employed in the online VirusTotal service, making ROP an effective ingredient for code obfuscation. To this end, a software tool named ROPInjector was developed which, given any piece of shellcode and any legitimate executable file, it transforms the shellcode to its ROP equivalent re‐using the available code in the executable and finally patches the ROP chain infecting the executable. The proposed ROP‐based attack vector provides two unique features: (i) the ability to automatically analyse and generate equivalent ROP chains for a given code, and (ii) the ability to reuse legitimate code found in an executable in the form of ROP gadgets. The key inspiration is that ROP's unique structure poses various challenges to malware analysis compared to traditional shellcode inspection and detection. This study advances research in offensive technology by proposing return oriented programming (ROP) as a means to achieve code obfuscation. Therefore, low‐skilled malicious users could easily use our approach. ![]() The testing activity we performed shows that our proposal is helpful in evading virtually all the most popular AVs on the market. In detail, we first analyze and explain most of the methods used by AVs to recognize malicious payloads and, for each one of them, we outline the relative strengths and flaws, showing how these flaws could be exploited using a general approach to evade AVs controls, by performing simple human‐oriented operations on the payloads. More precisely, in this article, we show a general approach to make a payload generated through automated tools run undetected by most AVs. The danger of such threats lies in the fact that they may not be detected by common antivirus (AVs). Then, we will show how these tools can be transformed, through some human‐oriented modifications on the generated payloads, into threats for a given asset's security. ![]() In this article, we focus on tools for the automatic generation of custom executable payloads. In particular, it is a common practice to rely on automated tools to carry out some phases of this process in an automatic or semiautomatic way. Private crypter.Nowadays, several tools have been proposed to support the operations performed during a security assessment process.
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